The cosmos became a de-sacralized object, which is no longer imbued with divinity and meaning. In monotheistic religion, god is transcendent. The rise of the great monotheistic religions began with the Axial age in the sixth century BCE. Tarnas first describes the ancient world view, in which the self is undifferentiated from the world-soul in a participation mystique. He proposes that a potential resolution, which he calls the participatory framework, has also been in development in the West for centuries. He then argues that with the advent of postmodernism, the modern world is in a serious spiritual crisis, which manifests as the global ecological crisis. Tarnas outlines the intellectual-cultural development of the modern world view from its origins in Greek and Judaeo-Christian mythologies. In The Passion of the Western Mind, Tarnas argues that the movement from the Greek and Christian world views, through modernity and to postmodernism can be seen as a natural and dialectical unfolding of a collective mind or psyche.
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